标题: 3D Printed Helical Focusing-Flow Micromixer Enables Controlled Production of Hybrid Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy [打印本页] 作者: admin 时间: 2026-11-14 20:08 标题: 3D Printed Helical Focusing-Flow Micromixer Enables Controlled Production of Hybrid Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy Source: Boston Micro Fabrication (BMF)
Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism to meet the material and energy demands of rapid proliferation and promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Their metabolic plasticity allows them to survive by compensating across different pathways, which makes it difficult to achieve the desired results by targeting a single pathway.
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Teams led by Hangrong Chen and Ming Ma at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed nanoparticles that combine vanadate and nitric oxide (NO). The particles enhance cancer immunotherapy by inhibiting both glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism in tumor cells. The study appeared in Small under the title “Dual Metabolic Inhibition Via Vanadium–NO Synergistic Nanoplatform Potentiates Cancer Immunotherapy.”
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Figure 1. Micromixer-assisted preparation of the vanadate–NO nanoparticles and enhancement of cancer immunotherapy through dual metabolic regulation.
The nanoparticles, called VTL, assemble from vanadate, L-arginine and tannic acid through vanadium ion coordination in a micromixer. The team printed a one-piece helical focusing-flow (HBSCF) micromixer using BMF's projection micro stereolithography (PμSL) technology (nanoArch® S140, accuracy: 10 μm), and connected an extension tube to its outlet. The HBSCF structure improves radial mixing of the precursor solution to provide uniform conditions for initial nucleation. Dean flow in the extension tube further improves mixing, promoting complete self-assembly and stable particle formation. The VTL particles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 91.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.118. Coating them with tumor cell membranes yielded VTLM particles with homologous targeting, promoting accumulation and retention at the tumor site.
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Figure 2. HBSCF micromixer and characterization of VTL particles. (a) Photograph and micro-CT images of the micromixer. (b) Photograph of the VTL synthesis setup and diagram of fluid mixing inside the micromixer. (c) Particle size distributions for the micromixer and conventional stirring methods. (d) TEM image of VTL particles. (e) HAADF-STEM image and EDS elemental maps.
The researchers found that VTLM particles catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation and promoted NO release inside tumor cells, jointly impairing mitochondrial function. The vanadium component markedly reduced pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression and activity, inhibiting glycolysis and reducing lactate accumulation. Acting on mitochondrial function and glycolysis together lowered cellular ATP, disrupted energy homeostasis and suppressed metabolic compensation, improving the antitumor effect. In 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, tumor inhibition reached 80.7%. Further in vivo immune analysis showed that VTLM promoted dendritic cell maturation and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in tumor tissue, favored M1 macrophage polarization, and reduced the proportion of immunosuppressive cells. The results suggest that targeting multiple metabolic pathways can reshape the tumor immune microenvironment and improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Figure 3. Dual metabolic inhibition and in vivo antitumor effects of VTLM. (a) JC-1 flow cytometry of mitochondrial membrane potential in 4T1 cells after different treatments. (b) Relative lactate content in 4T1 culture supernatant after treatment. (c) Relative intracellular ATP after treatment. (d) Dosing and treatment schedule in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. (e) Tumor volume in the treatment groups over 14 days.
Researchers at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics and the Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, conducted the study. PhD student Ruizhi Tian was first author and Ming Ma was corresponding author.
AI-translated from an article by Xiaoruanxiong on Nanjixiong, originally published on 2026-11-13. Text and images retain the original source attribution. Read the original Chinese article
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